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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"16-bit" redirects here. For the color encoding, see <a href="16-bit_color" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit color">16-bit color</a>. For the video gaming era, see <a href="16-bit_era" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit era">16-bit era</a>. For other uses, see <a href="16-bit_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="16-bit (disambiguation)">16-bit (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 120%;">Computer architecture bit widths</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #ccccff;">

<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="1-bit_computing" title="1-bit computing">1</a></li><li><a href="4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4</a></li><li><a href="8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8</a></li><li><a href="12-bit_computing" title="12-bit computing">12</a></li><li><a href="18-bit_computing" title="18-bit computing">18</a></li><li><a href="24-bit_computing" title="24-bit computing">24</a></li><li><a href="26-bit_computing" title="26-bit computing">26</a></li><li><a href="UNIVAC_490" title="UNIVAC 490">30</a></li><li><a href="31-bit_computing" title="31-bit computing">31</a></li><li><a href="32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32</a></li><li><a href="36-bit_computing" title="36-bit computing">36</a></li><li><a href="45-bit_computing" title="45-bit computing">45</a></li><li><a href="48-bit_computing" title="48-bit computing">48</a></li><li><a href="60-bit_computing" title="60-bit computing">60</a></li><li><a href="64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64</a></li><li><a href="128-bit_computing" title="128-bit computing">128</a></li><li><a href="256-bit_computing" title="256-bit computing">256</a></li><li><a href="512-bit_computing" title="512-bit computing">512</a></li><li><a href="Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">bit slicing</a></li></ul></div></td>

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<a href="Application_software" title="Application software">Application</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

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<a href="Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">Binary floating-point</a> <a href="Precision_(computer_science)" title="Precision (computer science)">precision</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

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<a href="Decimal_floating_point" title="Decimal floating point">Decimal floating-point</a> <a href="Precision_(computer_science)" title="Precision (computer science)">precision</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

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<p>In <a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architecture</a>, <b>16-bit</b> <a href="Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">integers</a>, <a href="Memory_address" title="Memory address">memory addresses</a>, or other <a href="Data_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (computing)">data</a> units are those that are 16 <a href="Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> (2 <a href="Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octets</a>) wide. Also, 16-bit <a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a> (CPU) and <a href="Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU) architectures are those that are based on <a href="Processor_register" title="Processor register">registers</a>, <a href="Address_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Address bus">address buses</a>, or <a href="Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">data buses</a> of that size. 16-bit <a href="Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputers</a> are microcomputers that use 16-bit <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>.

</p><p>A 16-bit register can store 2<sup>16</sup> different values. The <a href="Range_(computer_programming)" title="Range (computer programming)">range</a> of <a href="Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> values that can be stored in 16 bits depends on the <a href="Integer_(computer_science)#Value_and_representation" title="Integer (computer science)">integer representation</a> used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 65,535 (2<sup>16</sup> − 1) for representation as an (<a href="Signedness" title="Signedness">unsigned</a>) <a href="Binary_number" title="Binary number">binary number</a>, and −32,768 (−1 × 2<sup>15</sup>) through 32,767 (2<sup>15</sup> − 1) for representation as <a href="Two's_complement" title="Two's complement">two's complement</a>. Since 2<sup>16</sup> is 65,536, a processor with 16-bit <a href="Memory_address" title="Memory address">memory addresses</a> can directly access 64 <a href="Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> (65,536 bytes) of <a href="Byte_addressing" title="Byte addressing">byte-addressable</a> memory. If a system uses <a href="Memory_segmentation" title="Memory segmentation">segmentation</a> with 16-bit segment offsets, more can be accessed.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="16-bit_architecture">16-bit architecture</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Whirlwind_I" title="Whirlwind I">MIT Whirlwind</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1951)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was quite possibly the first-ever 16-bit computer. It was an unusual word size for the era; most systems used <a href="Six-bit_character_code" title="Six-bit character code">six-bit character code</a> and used a word length of some multiple of 6-bits. This changed with the effort to introduce <a href="ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, which used a 7-bit code and naturally led to the use of an 8-bit multiple which could store a single ASCII character or two <a href="Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">binary-coded decimal</a> digits.

</p><p>The 16-bit word length thus became more common in the 1960s, especially on minicomputer systems. Early 16-bit computers (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1965–70) include the <a href="IBM_1130" title="IBM 1130">IBM 1130</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="HP_2100" title="HP 2100">HP 2100</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="Data_General_Nova" title="Data General Nova">Data General Nova</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="PDP-11" title="PDP-11">DEC PDP-11</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early <a href="Microprocessor#16-bit_designs" title="Microprocessor">16-bit microprocessors</a>, often modeled on one of the mini platforms, began to appear in the 1970s. Examples (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1973–76) include the five-chip <a href="IMP-16" title="IMP-16">National Semiconductor IMP-16</a> (1973),<sup id="cite_ref-Belzer_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belzer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the two-chip <a href="NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> μCOM-16 (1974),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Belzer_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belzer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the three-chip <a href="MCP-1600" title="MCP-1600">Western Digital MCP-1600</a> (1975), and the five-chip <a href="Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> T-3412 (1976).<sup id="cite_ref-Belzer_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belzer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Early single-chip 16-bit microprocessors (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1975–76) include the <a href="Panafacom" title="Panafacom">Panafacom</a> MN1610 (1975),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fujitsu_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fujitsu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Belzer_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belzer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="National_Semiconductor_PACE" title="National Semiconductor PACE">National Semiconductor PACE</a> (1975), <a href="General_Instrument_CP1600" title="General Instrument CP1600">General Instrument CP1600</a> (1975), <a href="Texas_Instruments_TMS9900" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Instruments TMS9900">Texas Instruments TMS9900</a> (1976),<sup id="cite_ref-Belzer_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belzer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Ferranti_F100-L" title="Ferranti F100-L">Ferranti F100-L</a>, and the <a href="HP_2100#Descendants_and_variants" title="HP 2100">HP BPC</a>. Other notable 16-bit processors include the <a href="Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a>, the <a href="Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">Intel 80286</a>, the <a href="WDC_65816/65802" class="mw-redirect" title="WDC 65816/65802">WDC 65C816</a>, and the <a href="Zilog_Z8000" title="Zilog Z8000">Zilog Z8000</a>. The <a href="Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a> was <a href="Binary_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary compatible">binary compatible</a> with the Intel 8086, and was 16-bit in that its registers were 16 bits wide, and arithmetic instructions could operate on 16-bit quantities, even though its external bus was 8 bits wide.

</p><p>16-bit processors have been almost entirely supplanted in the <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> industry, and are used less than 32-bit (or 8-bit) CPUs in embedded applications.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16/32-bit_Motorola_68000_and_Intel_386SX">16/32-bit Motorola 68000 and Intel 386SX</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a> is sometimes called 16-bit because of the way it handles basic arithmetic. The instruction set was based on <a href="32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> numbers and the internal registers were 32 bits wide, so by common definitions, the 68000 is a 32-bit design. Internally, 32-bit arithmetic is performed using two 16-bit operations, and this leads to some descriptions of the system as 16-bit, or "16/32".

</p><p>Such solutions have a long history in the computer field, with various designs performing math even one bit at a time, known as "serial arithmetic", while most designs by the 1970s processed at least a few bits at a time. A common example is the Data General Nova, which was a 16-bit design that performed 16-bit math as a series of four 4-bit operations. 4-bits was the word size of a widely available single-chip ALU and thus allowed for inexpensive implementation. Using the definition being applied to the 68000, the Nova would be a 4-bit computer, or 4/16. Not long after the introduction of the Nova, a second version was introduced, the SuperNova, which included four of the 4-bit ALUs running in parallel to perform math 16 bits at a time and therefore offer higher performance. This was invisible to the user and the programs, which always used 16-bit instructions and data. In a similar fashion, later 68000-family members, starting with the <a href="Motorola_68020" title="Motorola 68020">Motorola 68020</a>, had 32-bit ALUs.

</p><p>One may also see references to systems being, or not being, 16-bit based on some other measure. One common one is when the address space is not the same size of bits as the internal registers. Most 8-bit CPUs of the 1970s fall into this category; the <a href="MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">MOS 6502</a>, <a href="Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">Intel 8080</a>, <a href="Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Zilog Z80</a> and most others had 16-bit address space which provided 64 KB of address space. This also meant address manipulation required two instruction cycles. For this reason, most processors had special 8-bit addressing modes, the <a href="Zero_page" title="Zero page">zero page</a>, improving speed. This sort of difference between internal register size and external address size remained in the 1980s, although often reversed, as memory costs of the era made a machine with 32-bit addressing, 2 or 4 GB, a practical impossibility. For example, the 68000 exposed only <a href="24-bit_computing" title="24-bit computing">24 bits</a> of addressing on the <a href="Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP</a>, limiting it to a still huge (for the era) 16 MB.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A similar analysis applies to Intel's <a href="Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">80286</a> CPU replacement, called the <a href="I386" title="I386">386SX</a>, which is a 32-bit processor with 32-bit <a href="Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">ALU</a> and internal 32-bit data paths with a 16-bit external bus and 24-bit addressing of the processor it replaced.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="16-bit_application">16-bit application</h2></div>

<p>In the context of <a href="IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> and <a href="Wintel" title="Wintel">Wintel</a> platforms, a 16-bit application is any software written for <a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, <a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> 1.x or early versions of <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> which originally ran on the 16-bit <a href="Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a> and <a href="Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">Intel 80286</a> <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a>. Such applications used a 20-<a href="Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> or 24-bit <a href="X86_memory_segmentation" title="X86 memory segmentation">segment or selector-offset</a> address representation to extend the range of addressable memory locations beyond what was possible using only 16-bit addresses. Programs containing more than 2<sup>16</sup> <a href="Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> (65,536 <a href="Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a>) of instructions and data therefore required special instructions to switch between their 64-kilobyte <a href="Memory_segmentation" title="Memory segmentation">segments</a>, increasing the complexity of programming 16-bit applications.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="16-bit_microcontrollers">16-bit microcontrollers</h2></div>

<p>Single chip 16-bit <a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a> appeared around 1983 with the introduction of the <a href="Intel_8061" title="Intel 8061">Intel 8061</a>. As of 2025, 16-bit microcontrollers cost well under a dollar in 100 quantities, similar in price to legacy 8-bit.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even some 32-bit microcontrollers are priced under a dollar.

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Angstrem_(company)" title="Angstrem (company)">Angstrem</a>

<ul><li><a href="1801_series_CPU" title="1801 series CPU">1801 series CPU</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a>

<li><a href="Data_General_Eclipse" title="Data General Eclipse">Eclipse</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>

<ul><li><a href="PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> (for LSI-11, see Western Digital, below)

<li>EnSilica

<li><a href="Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fairchild_9440" title="Fairchild 9440">9440 MICROFLAME</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ferranti" title="Ferranti">Ferranti</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ferranti_F100-L" title="Ferranti F100-L">Ferranti F100-L</a></li>

<li>Ferranti F200-L</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="General_Instrument" title="General Instrument">General Instrument</a>

<li><a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>

<li><a href="Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>

<ul><li><a href="Honeywell_Level_6" title="Honeywell Level 6">Honeywell Level 6</a>/DPS 6</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IBM_System/7" title="IBM System/7">System/7</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Series/1" title="IBM Series/1">Series/1</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_System/36" title="IBM System/36">System/36</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Infineon" class="mw-redirect" title="Infineon">Infineon</a>

<ul><li><a href="XE166_family" title="XE166 family">XE166 family</a></li>

<li><a href="C166_family" title="C166 family">C166/C167 family</a></li>

<li><a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>

<ul><li><a href="Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a>/<a href="Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a></li>

<li><a href="Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">Intel 80186</a>/<a href="Intel_80188" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80188">Intel 80188</a></li>

<li><a href="Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">Intel 80286</a></li>

<li><a href="Intel_MCS-96" title="Intel MCS-96">Intel MCS-96</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a>

<li><a href="Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>

<ul><li><a href="Motorola_68HC12" title="Motorola 68HC12">Motorola 68HC12</a></li>

<li><a href="Motorola_68HC16" title="Motorola 68HC16">Motorola 68HC16</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="National_Semiconductor" title="National Semiconductor">National Semiconductor</a>

<li><a href="Panafacom" title="Panafacom">Panafacom</a>

<li><a href="Renesas" class="mw-redirect" title="Renesas">Renesas</a>

<ul><li>Renesas <a href="M16C" class="mw-redirect" title="M16C">M16C</a> (16-bit registers, 24-bit address space)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ricoh_5A22" title="Ricoh 5A22">Ricoh 5A22</a> (WDC 65816 clone used in <a href="Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">SNES</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>

<ul><li><a href="Texas_Instruments_TMS9900" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Instruments TMS9900">Texas Instruments TMS9900</a></li>

<li><a href="Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>

<li><a href="Western_Design_Center" title="Western Design Center">Western Design Center</a>

<li><a href="Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a>

<li>used in the <a href="Pascal_MicroEngine" title="Pascal MicroEngine">Pascal MicroEngine</a></li>

<li><a href="Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>

<li><a href="Zilog" title="Zilog">Zilog</a>

<ul><li><a href="Zilog_Z8000" title="Zilog Z8000">Zilog Z8000</a></li>

<li><a href="Zilog_Z280" title="Zilog Z280">Zilog Z280</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Microprocessor#16-bit_designs" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor § 16-bit designs</a></li>

<li><a href="Influence_of_the_IBM_PC_on_the_personal_computer_market#Before_the_IBM_PC's_introduction" title="Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market">Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market § Before the IBM PC's introduction</a></li>

<li><a href="74181#Computers" title="74181">74181</a> (key component of some early 16-bit and other CPUs)</li>

<li><a href="Audio_bit_depth" title="Audio bit depth">Audio bit depth</a> – as 16-bit is the most common bit depth used, e.g. on <a href="CD_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="CD audio">CD audio</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1951">"Year 1951"</a>. <i>Computer History Museum</i>.</cite> (see also <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1943">"Year 1943"</a>.</cite>).</span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Digital Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102630350">Digital at Work</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702225119/http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102630350">Archived</a> 2013-07-02 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pearson, 1992, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55558-092-0</bdi>, pp. 4, 23.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050318090458/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/1130/1130_intro.html">"The IBM 1130 computing system"</a>. <i>IBM Archives</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/1130/1130_intro.html">the original</a> on March 18, 2005.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/minicomputers/11/337/2385">"HP 2116"</a>. <i>Computer History Museum</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517042928/http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102646102">"Data General Nova minicomputer"</a>. <i>Computer History Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102646102">the original</a> on 2013-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1992" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Jamie Parker (September 1992). <i>Digital at work: snapshots from the first thirty-five years</i>. Digital Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">58–</span>61. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-55558-092-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Belzer-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belzer_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belzer_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belzer_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belzer_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belzer_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBelzerHolzmanKent1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Belzer, Jack; Holzman, Albert G.; Kent, Allen (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iBsUXrgKBKkC&pg=PA402"><i>Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology</i></a>. Vol. 10 – Linear and Matrix Algebra to Microorganisms: Computer-Assisted Identification. <a href="CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 402. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780824722609</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190627161417/http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/pdf/ic/exhibi748E.pdf">"1970s: Development and evolution of microprocessors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Semiconductor History Museum of Japan</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/pdf/ic/exhibi748E.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-06-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpu-museum.com/161x_e.htm">"16-bit Microprocessors"</a>. CPU Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-fujitsu-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fujitsu_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pfu.fujitsu.com/en/profile/history.html">"History"</a>. PFU<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nxp.com/files-static/archives/doc/ref_manual/M68000PRM.pdf"><i>Motorola M68000 Family, Programmer's Reference Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Motorola, Inc. 1992. sec. 2.4, pp. 2–21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jaycarlson.net/microcontrollers/">"The Amazing $1 Microcontroller"</a>. <i>Jay Carlson</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-05-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Processor_technologies439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Processor_technologies439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstract_machine" title="Abstract machine">Abstract machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">Stored-program computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite-state machine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Finite-state_machine_with_datapath" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite-state machine with datapath">with datapath</a></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical</a></li>

<li><a href="Deterministic_finite_automaton" title="Deterministic finite automaton">Deterministic finite automaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Queue_automaton" title="Queue automaton">Queue automaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automaton</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_cellular_automaton" title="Quantum cellular automaton">Quantum cellular automaton</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alternating_Turing_machine" title="Alternating Turing machine">Alternating Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">Universal</a></li>

<li><a href="Post%E2%80%93Turing_machine" title="Post–Turing machine">Post–Turing</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_Turing_machine" title="Quantum Turing machine">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Nondeterministic_Turing_machine" title="Nondeterministic Turing machine">Nondeterministic Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Probabilistic_Turing_machine" title="Probabilistic Turing machine">Probabilistic Turing machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypercomputation" title="Hypercomputation">Hypercomputation</a></li>

<li><a href="Zeno_machine" title="Zeno machine">Zeno machine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_general-purpose_CPUs#Belt_machine_architecture" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">Belt machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">Stack machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_machine" title="Register machine">Register machines</a>

<ul><li><a href="Counter_machine" title="Counter machine">Counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointer_machine" title="Pointer machine">Pointer</a></li>

<li><a href="Random-access_machine" title="Random-access machine">Random-access</a></li>

<li><a href="Random-access_stored-program_machine" title="Random-access stored-program machine">Random-access stored program</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Microarchitecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvard_architecture" title="Harvard architecture">Harvard</a>

<ul><li><a href="Modified_Harvard_architecture" title="Modified Harvard architecture">modified</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_triggered_architecture" title="Transport triggered architecture">Transport-triggered</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_architecture" title="Cellular architecture">Cellular</a></li>

<li><a href="Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Memory access</a>

<li><a href="Load%E2%80%93store_architecture" title="Load–store architecture">Load–store</a></li>

<li><a href="Register%E2%80%93memory_architecture" title="Register–memory architecture">Register/memory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cache_hierarchy" title="Cache hierarchy">Cache hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">Memory hierarchy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary storage">Secondary storage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heterogeneous_System_Architecture" title="Heterogeneous System Architecture">Heterogeneous</a></li>

<li><a href="Fabric_computing" title="Fabric computing">Fabric</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_computing" title="Cognitive computing">Cognitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set<br>architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">Orthogonal instruction set</a></li>

<li><a href="Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">Application-specific</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="TRIPS_architecture" title="TRIPS architecture">TRIPS</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Comparison</a>

<ul><li><a href="Addressing_mode" title="Addressing mode">Addressing modes</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruction<br>sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li>

<li>Power

<ul><li><a href="IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li>

<li><a href="SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a></li>

<li><a href="DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a></li>

<li><a href="ETRAX_CRIS" title="ETRAX CRIS">ETRAX CRIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li>

<li><a href="IA-64" title="IA-64">Itanium</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a></li>

<li>System/3x0

<li><a href="Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Tilera ISA</li>

<li><a href="VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Adapteva" class="mw-redirect" title="Adapteva">Epiphany architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Others</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Instruction_cycle" title="Instruction cycle">Execution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Instruction pipelining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pipeline_stall" title="Pipeline stall">Pipeline stall</a></li>

<li><a href="Operand_forwarding" title="Operand forwarding">Operand forwarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Classic_RISC_pipeline" title="Classic RISC pipeline">Classic RISC pipeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hazard_(computer_architecture)" title="Hazard (computer architecture)">Hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Data_dependency" title="Data dependency">Data dependency</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural hazard">Structural</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Control hazard">Control</a></li>

<li><a href="False_sharing" title="False sharing">False sharing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Out-of-order_execution" title="Out-of-order execution">Out-of-order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scoreboarding" title="Scoreboarding">Scoreboarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomasulo's_algorithm" title="Tomasulo's algorithm">Tomasulo's algorithm</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reservation_station" title="Reservation station">Reservation station</a></li>

<li><a href="Re-order_buffer" title="Re-order buffer">Re-order buffer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Register_renaming" title="Register renaming">Register renaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Wide-issue" title="Wide-issue">Wide-issue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">Speculative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch prediction</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_dependence_prediction" title="Memory dependence prediction">Memory dependence prediction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallelism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bit-serial_architecture" title="Bit-serial architecture">Bit-serial</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelining</a>

<ul><li><a href="Scalar_processor" title="Scalar processor">Scalar</a></li>

<li><a href="Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed architecture">Distributed</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hyper-threading" title="Hyper-threading">Hyperthreading</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a></li>

<li><a href="Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Single_instruction%2C_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing (SIMT)</a></li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Flynn's_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">Processor<br>performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li>

<li><a href="Instructions_per_cycle" title="Instructions per cycle">Instructions per cycle</a> (IPC)

<ul><li><a href="Cycles_per_instruction" title="Cycles per instruction">Cycles per instruction</a> (CPI)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">Instructions per second</a> (IPS)</li>

<li><a href="FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">Floating-point operations per second</a> (FLOPS)</li>

<li><a href="Transactions_per_second" title="Transactions per second">Transactions per second</a> (TPS)</li>

<li><a href="SUPS" title="SUPS">Synaptic updates per second</a> (SUPS)</li>

<li><a href="Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li>

<li><a href="Cache_performance_measurement_and_metric" title="Cache performance measurement and metric">Cache performance metrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_performance_by_orders_of_magnitude" title="Computer performance by orders of magnitude">Computer performance by orders of magnitude</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> (CPU)</li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)

<ul><li><a href="General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrel_processor" title="Barrel processor">Barrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li>

<li><a href="Tile_processor" title="Tile processor">Tile processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">Multi-chip module</a> (MCM)</li>

<li><a href="System_in_a_package" title="System in a package">System in a package</a> (SiP)</li>

<li><a href="Package_on_a_package" title="Package on a package">Package on a package</a> (PoP)</li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By application</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_processor" title="Mobile processor">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">Ultra-low-voltage</a></li>

<li><a href="Soft_microprocessor" title="Soft microprocessor">Soft microprocessor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems<br>on chip</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor system on a chip">Multiprocessor</a> (MPSoC)</li>

<li><a href="Cypress_PSoC" title="Cypress PSoC">Cypress PSoC</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a> (NoC)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware<br>accelerators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li>

<li><a href="Image_processor" title="Image processor">Image processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">Vision processing unit</a> (VPU)</li>

<li><a href="Physics_processing_unit" title="Physics processing unit">Physics processing unit</a> (PPU)</li>

<li><a href="Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a> (DSP)</li>

<li><a href="Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li>

<li><a href="Secure_cryptoprocessor" title="Secure cryptoprocessor">Secure cryptoprocessor</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_processor" title="Network processor">Network processor</a></li>

<li><a href="Baseband_processor" title="Baseband processor">Baseband processor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word size</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">bit slicing</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)#Table_of_word_sizes" title="Word (computer architecture)">others</a>

<ul><li><a href="Word_(computer_architecture)#Variable-word_architectures" title="Word (computer architecture)">variable</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core count</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Single-core" title="Single-core">Single-core</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">Multi-core</a></li>

<li><a href="Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">Heterogeneous architecture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">Cache</a>

<ul><li><a href="CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cache">Data cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction cache">Instruction cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_replacement_policies" title="Cache replacement policies">replacement policies</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">coherence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">Clock signal</a></li>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Execution_unit" title="Execution unit">Functional<br>units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">Arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU)</li>

<li><a href="Address_generation_unit" title="Address generation unit">Address generation unit</a> (AGU)</li>

<li><a href="Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">Floating-point unit</a> (FPU)</li>

<li><a href="Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a> (MMU)

<ul><li><a href="Load%E2%80%93store_unit" title="Load–store unit">Load–store unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">Translation lookaside buffer</a> (TLB)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch predictor</a></li>

<li><a href="Branch_target_predictor" title="Branch target predictor">Branch target predictor</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Integrated memory controller</a> (IMC)

<ul><li><a href="Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_decoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction decoder">Instruction decoder</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational</a></li>

<li><a href="Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Gate_array" title="Gate array">Array</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hardware_register" title="Hardware register">Registers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Processor_register" title="Processor register">Processor register</a></li>

<li><a href="Status_register" title="Status register">Status register</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack_register" title="Stack register">Stack register</a></li>

<li><a href="Register_file" title="Register file">Register file</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_buffer_register" title="Memory buffer register">Memory buffer</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_address_register" title="Memory address register">Memory address register</a></li>

<li><a href="Program_counter" title="Program counter">Program counter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Control_unit" title="Control unit">Control unit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hardwired_control_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwired control unit">Hardwired control unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_unit" title="Instruction unit">Instruction unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">Data buffer</a></li>

<li><a href="Write_buffer" title="Write buffer">Write buffer</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a> <a href="ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter_(digital)" title="Counter (digital)">Counter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Datapath" title="Datapath">Datapath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">Multiplexer</a></li>

<li><a href="Demultiplexer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demultiplexer">Demultiplexer</a></li>

<li><a href="Adder_(electronics)" title="Adder (electronics)">Adder</a></li>

<li><a href="Binary_multiplier" title="Binary multiplier">Multiplier</a>

<li><a href="Binary_decoder" title="Binary decoder">Binary decoder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Address_decoder" title="Address decoder">Address decoder</a></li>

<li><a href="Sum-addressed_decoder" title="Sum-addressed decoder">Sum-addressed decoder</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Barrel_shifter" title="Barrel shifter">Barrel shifter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Circuitry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a>

<li><a href="Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_management_integrated_circuit" title="Power management integrated circuit">Power management</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analog</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum</a></li>

<li><a href="Switch#Electronic_switches" title="Switch">Switch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Power_management" title="Power management">Power<br>management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Dynamic_frequency_scaling" title="Dynamic frequency scaling">Dynamic frequency scaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">Dynamic voltage scaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Clock_gating" title="Clock gating">Clock gating</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_general-purpose_CPUs" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">History of general-purpose CPUs</a></li>

<li><a href="Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">Microprocessor chronology</a></li>

<li><a href="Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_security_module" title="Hardware security module">Hardware security module</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Tick%E2%80%93tock_model" title="Tick–tock model">Tick–tock model</a></li>

<li><a href="Pin_grid_array" title="Pin grid array">Pin grid array</a></li>

<li><a href="Chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">Chip carrier</a></li></ul>

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